a) A piece of burning magnesium was introduced into a jar of nitrogen. State and explain the observation made (2 Marks)

b) Water was added to the product of the reaction in a) and the resultant solution tested with red and blue litmus papers. State and explain the observation made (2 Marks)

Draw dot (•) and cross (×) diagrams to show bonding in:

a) Magnesium chloride  (2 Marks)

b) Phophonium ion (PH₄⁺)   (2 Marks)

A polymer has the following structure

a) Draw and name the monomer (2 Marks)
                   

b) Draw the repeating unit of the polymer (2 Marks)
 

The table below shows certain properties of substances M, N, K, and L.

Which of the substances:

a) Is a metal (½ Mark)

b) Has a simple molecular structure (½ Mark)

c) Has a giant covalent structure (½ Mark)

d) Has a giant ionic structure (½ Mark)

a) Define Gay-Lussac’s law (1 Mark)

b) In an experiment a mixture of 126.0cm³ of nitrogen gas and 120.0cm³ of hydrogen gas was heated in the presence of iron catalyst. Determine the composition of the final gaseous mixture. (2 Marks)

Give the systematic name of the following compounds    (2 Marks)

Study the flow chart below and use it to answer the questions that follow. 

a) Name the white precipitate (1 Mark)

b) Write the formula of the sodium salt (1 Mark)

c) Name gas Q (1 Mark)

d) Write a balanced chemical equation between aqueous hydrochloric acid and solid X (1 Mark)

State and explain the observations made when chlorine gas is bubbled through potassium iodide solution. (2 Marks)

Given a mixture of sodium chloride, silver chloride, and ammonium chloride, describe how each component can be obtained. (3 Marks)

(a) (i) Identify three sources of renewable energy. (3 marks)

 (ii) Name any two types of coal. (2 marks)

(b) (i) Apart from providing electric power, state four other benefits of dams along the River Tana. (4 marks)

(ii) Explain three problems that affect the production of power from the stations along River Tana. (6 marks)

(c) State four measures the government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy. (4 marks)

(d) (i) What is energy crisis? (2 marks)

(ii) State four effects of energy crisis. (4 marks)